Il termine mindfulness è la traduzione inglese della parola sati, che indica consapevolezza, attenzione e ricordo. La mindfulness può quindi essere definita come un’attenzione consapevole, rivolta al momento presente e priva di giudizio. È una pratica che l’approccio scientifico occidentale ha ripreso e riadattato da antiche tradizioni meditative orientali, svincolandola da specifici significati filosofico-religiosi. L’approccio della mindfulness deriva ed è basato sulla meditazione di consapevolezza, una delle principali tradizioni meditative del buddhismo, e consiste proprio nel proporre un livello introduttivo di pratica di meditazione che sia adatto a contesti quotidiani che sperimentiamo tutti i giorni.
La mindfulness oggi in occidente è utilizzata in molte applicazioni cliniche, sia in campo medico che psicologico. Si pensi ad esempio al suo utilizzo in oncologia oppure nel trattamento del dolore cronico, mentre in campo psicologico viene usata nella gestione di stati psicopatologici, come disturbi ansiosi e depressivi. La pratica costante della mindfulness si è dimostrata efficace nella riduzione dello stress e delle patologie ad esso correlate, nel sollievo di sintomi fisici connessi a malattie organiche e, in generale, nella promozione di profondi e positivi cambiamenti dell’atteggiamento, del comportamento e della percezione di se stessi, degli altri e del mondo. Gli esercizi si basano principalmente sulla respirazione e sul portare l’attenzione a vari aspetti, dentro e fuori di sé, mantenendo il più possibile un atteggiamento non giudicante.
La mindfulness spesso viene confusa con una tecnica di rilassamento, e viene associata a tecniche come il training autogeno, ma in realtà non è nulla di tutto questo. L’obiettivo della mindfulness non è rilassarsi e neanche svuotare la mente o entrare in qualche forma di trance.
La mindfulness ci insegna ad accettare e accogliere tutte le esperienze di vita, positive e negative che siano, quindi ci fa entrare in relazione diretta con il disagio e la sofferenza, ci insegna a fare spazio anche a quello che non ci piace, che non vorremmo o che ci fa soffrire.
I meccanismi terapeutici alla base della mindfulness sono infatti:
– Accettazione 🡪 notare gli eventi interni e accettarli per come sono, rinunciando agli sforzi per evitarli o cambiarli
– Decentramento 🡪 spostarsi da una prospettiva in cui i pensieri rappresentano la realtà verso una in cui i pensieri sono visti solo come eventi interni, innocui e transitori (i pensieri sono solo pensieri!)
– Dis-identificazione 🡪 imparare a non identificarsi con i pensieri, le emozioni e le sensazioni che si sperimentano nella vita quotidiana
Negli ultimi anni la mindfulness è diventata uno strumento importante nella psicoterapia, e può essere integrata ad essa in tre modi differenti:
-Psicoterapia basata sulla mindfulness: insegnamento di esercizi pratici durante le sedute per sviluppare specifiche abilità.
-Psicoterapia orientata dalla mindfulness: uso dell’attenzione consapevole per permettere l’esplorazione delle sensazioni fisiche, emotive e cognitive che si rivelano durante una seduta, e promuovere una maggiore accettazione e un decentramento dai pensieri.
-Pratica meditativa personale del terapeuta: pratica effettuata dal terapeuta per coltivare maggiore presenza, consapevolezza, accettazione ed empatia.
Autore: Dott.ssa Alice Decker
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